Phật giáo, Văn hóa và Đời sống, Văn hóa Phật giáo 394

Chùa Vồm và sự truyền thừa của Thiền phái Lâm Tế thời Lê Trung hưng ở Thanh Hóa (ThS. Vũ Ngọc Định)

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Chùa Vồm, tên chữ là Đại Khánh tự và Đại Hùng tự [1], là ngôi chùa cổ có niên đại từ thời Trần. Chùa tọa lạc dưới chân núi Bàn A ở làng Vồm, phường Thiệu Khánh, TP. Thanh Hóa. Nơi đây đã từng thuộc địa bàn của thành Tư Phố trong thời kỳ Bắc thuộc và cũng là lỵ sở Dương Xá đất Ái Châu và Thanh Hóa trong nhiều triều đại phong kiến. Đây cũng là vùng đất tiếp giáp với Ngã Ba Đầu – nơi hợp lưu giữa sông Mã với sông Chu trước khi đổ ra biển. Những yếu tố này đã tạo nên cho chùa một bề dày lịch sử cũng như cảnh quan và địa thế vô cùng hùng vĩ, đẹp đẽ.

CHÙA VỒM TRONG SỬ SÁCH VÀ THƠ VĂN CỔ

Chùa Vồm là một trong những ngôi chùa nổi tiếng bậc nhất của xứ Thanh, từ xưa vẻ đẹp và sự uy nghiêm của chùa được nhiều sách vở nhắc đến. Sách Đại Nam nhất thống chí của Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn ghi về chùa như sau: “Chùa Đại Hùng ở xã Đại Khánh, huyện Đông Sơn, nhân đá núi Bàn A làm tường chùa, ở giữa khắc tượng lớn, không rõ có từ đời nào, phía trước chùa có tấm bia đá, dựng từ đời vua Lê Quang Thuận (1460-1469), văn bia bị rêu phủ mờ, phía sau chùa có bình phong đá, có khắc ba chữ lớn “Sa lung biển”, do Trần Bá Tân là Đô Ngự sử đời Lê khắc và một số bài thơ nay vẫn còn” [2]. Sách Hoàng Việt nhất thống dư địa chí của tác giả Lê Quang Định khi nói về hành trình trên sông Mã, sông Lương cũng đã chép về ngôi chùa cổ nổi tiếng này: “… Nhánh bên Tây tục gọi là sông Lương, sông rộng 290 tầm, chảy đến bến đò Trịnh, nước trong và ngọt, phía bờ Nam thuộc xã Đại Khánh, huyện Đông Sơn, ở đó có núi Bàn A nhìn xuống bờ sông, trong núi ấy có ngôi chùa cổ rất đẹp và nổi tiếng, ngày xưa có nhiều người đến đây vãn cảnh và khắc thơ vào vách…” [3]. Sách Đồng Khánh địa dư chí chép viết: “Phía dưới bên phải núi (Bàn A) có ngôi chùa, gọi là chùa Đại Hùng. Chùa này xếp đá làm vách, giữa có pho tượng Phật nét mặt uy nghiêm, thân Phật lấp loáng khi ẩn khi hiện. Trước chùa có khắc bia vào niên hiệu Quang Thuận (1460-1469) đời Lê Thánh Tông, chữ đã mờ mòn đến quá nửa” [4]. Trong lịch sử, chùa Đại Hùng – núi Bàn A và dòng sông Lương đã trở thành nơi khơi nguồn cảm hứng để các vị tao nhân mặc khách như: Vua Lê Thần Tông, Tĩnh Đô vương Trịnh Sâm, Tiến sĩ Trần Bá Tân, Tiến sĩ Ngô Thì Sỹ, Tiến sĩ Bùi Dị, Tổng đốc Thanh Hóa Vương Duy Trinh, Hiến sát sứ Trần Công Lỵ… cho ra đời nhiều bài thơ đặc sắc. Ngô Thì Sĩ khi làm quan ở đất Thanh Hóa đến đây ngắm cảnh đã nêu lên 10 cảnh đẹp và phổ thơ cho 10 cảnh đấy, gồm:

1. Khánh Bằng liệt chướng (Núi Khánh, núi Bằng giăng hàng)

2. Lương Mã giao khâm (Sông Lương, sông Mã xen nhau)

3. Thạch tượng dục hà (Voi đá tắm sông)

4. Lĩnh quy xuất thủy (Rùa núi vờn nước)

5. Cổ độ kỳ đình (Đình treo cờ ở bến cũ)

6. Viễn sầm yên thụ (Non xa cây mờ)

7. Cô thôn mao điếm (Quán tranh thôn vắng)

8. Cách ngạn thiền lâm (Chùa cổ bên sông)

9. Sơn hạ ngư ky (Ghềnh đỗ thuyền chài dưới núi)

10. Giang trung mục phố (Bãi tắm trâu giữa sông)

Hiện nay bên vách núi trong chùa, còn lưu lại hai bài thơ tả cảnh chốn thiền lâm của hai vị danh sĩ đời Lê Trung Hưng là Trần Công Lỵ [5] và Tiến sĩ Trần Bá Tân [6], xin giới thiệu bản dịch của hai bài thơ này.

Toàn cảnh chùa Vồm (Đại Khánh tự) phường Thiệu Khánh, thành phố Thanh Hóa. (Ảnh: Lê Thành Hiểu)
Am và bia Đức công thành đạo tháp thờ Hải Oánh Thiền sư. (Ảnh: Vũ Ngọc Định)

Bài thứ nhất

Phiên âm Hán:

Phật đà Sa Lung biển

Chí Linh – Điền Trì. Thừa tướng Trần Công Lỵ. Hiến sứ đề tử. Thự tham chính tiến truy thuyên vu thạch.

Kì thi vân:

Tầm chân phỏng cổ đáo thiền quynh,

Trắc bỉ thôi nhôi nhãn giới minh.

Điểu cách liễn phi kim điện vũ,

Hoa hoàn thuỷ nhiễu chính bồng doanh.

Càn khôn kính khí khung thư cốt,

Kim tích kì quan trọng đắc danh.

Thừa hữu kim tương trần bà đoạn,

Ức niên bi định nghiễm như sinh.

Thanh Trì, Linh Đường Nguyễn tả.

Cảnh Hưng Giáp Thân hạ ngũ thượng cát nhật chí.

 

Dịch nghĩa:

Chí Linh – Điền Trì, là đất trị sở cửa Thừa tướng Trần Công Lỵ chức Hiến sứ đề thơ. Quan Thự tham chính tiến dâng truy khắc vào đá. Thơ rằng:

Tìm chân chính, phỏng chốn cổ nên đến cõi thiền quynh

Lên xuống nguy nga chanh vanh mở ra cảnh giới trước mắt

Chim bay phượng múa điện vũ váng chói sáng

Hoa nở nước chảy bao quanh chốn bồng doanh

Khí ngạnh nhự tênh nơi đây khiến xương cốt thảnh thơi

Từ xưa tới nay kì quan này vốn đã nổi danh

Còn thêm tướng tượng vàng cắt đoạn cõi trần ai

Muôn năm bia đá đã ghi tạc như vẫn còn lưu dấu sống mãi.

Họ Nguyễn ở Linh Đường, huyện Thanh Trì viết.

Ngày tốt đầu tháng 5 năm Giáp Thân triều Cảnh Hưng (1764). 

 

Bài thứ hai

Phiên âm Hán:

Đại Khánh đồn tiền Đại Khánh sơn,

Sơn tiền tuấn bích khải thiền quan.

Kim thân bán hiện khan triều đại,

Cổ đạo khoa lâm dịch thế gian.

Trác tích tăng bàn nguy thạch toạ,

Thúc tân tiều phụ tịch dương hoàn.

Trùng du ức khởi niên tiền sự,

Lăng cốc vô cùng nhất ỷ lan.

Tân Dậu mạnh hạ mang chủng hậu nhị nhật

Đông Sơn An Hoạch Dương Xuyên hầu trần thư.

 

Dịch nghĩa:

Làng Đại Khánh có núi Đại Khánh

Trước núi vách cao mở cửa Thiền

Tượng vàng ẩn hiện trải xem đời

Đường cũ đoái xem việc thế gian

Gậy quý bàn tăng, ni ngồi tọa 

Tiều phu đội củi, bóng chiều buông

Trở lại nơi đây nhớ bao chuyện cũ

Sảng khoái vô cùng một lần đến đây.

Tháng 4 mùa hạ năm Tân Dậu (1741), sau tiết Mang chủng 2 ngày 

Dương Xuyên hầu Trần Bá Tân người An Hoạch, Đông Sơn viết 

KIẾN TRÚC CHÙA VỒM

Trải qua thời gian cùng những biến động của lịch sử, chiến tranh và thời tiết khắc nghiệt, chùa Vồm tuy không còn nguyên vẹn, nhưng những dấu tích kiến trúc thời Trần, thời Lê sơ, thời Nguyễn và đặc biệt là những kiến trúc mộ tháp còn lại từ thời Lê Trung Hưng cho phép chúng ta phần nào đó biết được quy mô kiến trúc, nghệ thuật kiến trúc bề thế cũng như những giá trị tiềm ẩn về nhiều phương diện của chùa.

Từ cổng Tam Quan đi qua chiếc cầu cong cong xây bằng gạch bắc qua hồ bán nguyệt, đi tiếp qua khoảng sân rộng là đến chính điện ngôi chùa. Toàn bộ ngôi chùa được dựng bởi 40 cột gỗ lớn vững chắc, trên cột khắc các dòng chữ Hán. Qua khảo sát thì những dòng chữ này chính là những “văn bia’’, ghi lại những  người đã đóng góp công đức, tiền của để trùng tu, xây dựng chùa trong đợt đại trùng tu năm Đồng Khánh thứ 3 (1887). Chùa được xây dựng dựa lưng vào vách núi, lấy vách núi làm tường. Mái chùa vút cong theo kiểu mũi thuyền truyền thống, nhìn từ xa trông như con thuyền rẽ sóng lướt tới, tạo nên dáng vẻ thanh thoát mềm mại và gợi cảm giác bay bổng trong không gian. Bờ nóc được trang trí hình mặt nguyệt. Kết cấu vì, kèo của chùa là sự kết hợp chặt chẽ giữa giá chiêng, kẻ chuyền và chồng rường. Các kèo liên kết với nhau bằng đường xà thượng và xà hạ tạo thành một bộ khung vững chắc để đỡ toàn bộ phần mái. Dấu ấn trong kiến kiến trúc gỗ của chùa là sự kết hợp giữa điêu khắc thời Lê Trung Hưng và thời Nguyễn. Tại điểm liên kết giữa xà thượng, xà hạ và hiên chùa là các bức ván nong được chạm khắc các hình hoa sen, cúc giây, vân mây, rồng, phượng, rùa ngậm hoa sen… một cách tinh xảo. Đây là nghệ thuật trang trí mang phong cách thời Lê Trung Hưng. Hậu cung của chùa được xây dựng dựa vào vách núi, lấy vách đá làm tường, lấy trần hang núi làm mái, trên vách đá là pho tượng Phật A Di Đà lớn được tạc trực tiếp vào vách núi theo kiểu phù điêu nổi thời Trần. Đây là pho tượng phù điêu cổ khắc trực tiếp vào vách núi có kích thước lớn nhất từ trước tới nay ở Thanh Hóa. Các nghệ nhân đã khéo léo lựa chọn vị trí để tạc tượng, với những đường nét khắc chạm tinh xảo, giàu nghệ thuật, tượng A Di Đà trở thành một di sản vô giá, một tác phẩm nghệ thuật điêu khắc độc đáo, nổi tiếng bậc nhất của chùa Vồm.

Bên ngoài, bên phải chùa là dấu tích của tòa tháp Phổ Minh cao 9 tầng, là nơi tôn thờ Xá lợi của Tỳ kheo Phổ Đường Thông Tuệ thiền sư [7] được xây dựng ngày mồng 01 tháng 02 năm Tân Sửu (1900) đời vua Thành Thái. Bên trái phía sau chùa có hai ngôi tháp đá, nằm bên vách núi. Tháp có mái nhỏ, đỉnh tháp đội hoa sen, tất cả đều được tạo bằng đá, trên tháp là các văn bản bằng chữ Hán. 

Am và Văn bia Tuệ Minh am chùa Vồm khắc năm Vĩnh Thịnh thứ 13 (1717), đời vua Lê Dụ Tông.
(Ảnh: Vũ Ngọc Định)

Tháp thứ nhất là am Tuệ Minh thờ Thiền sư Chân Hỷ, pháp hiệu là Tuệ Minh, có văn bia khắc vào mùa xuân năm Vĩnh Thịnh thứ 13 (1717), đời vua Lê Dụ Tông. Tháp thứ hai là am và tháp thờ Hải Oánh Thiền sư, có văn bia Đức công thành đạo tháp khắc đời vua Minh Mệnh thứ 1 (1820). Ngoài ra còn có văn bia Đại Tuệ viên thông tháp khắc ngày đầu tháng 8 năm Giáp Tuất, niên hiệu Cảnh Hưng thứ 14 (1754) thờ Thiền sư Tính Không, pháp hiệu là Vô Tướng Huyền Diệu thiền sư và văn bia Ký điền kỵ văn khắc năm Vĩnh Thịnh thứ 13 (1717) đời vua Lê Dụ Tông ghi chép về ruộng phúc điền của chùa. Với kiểu kiến trúc chữ Đinh, kết cấu gỗ, mái hiên thấp, cong hình mũi thuyền truyền thống, chùa Vồm là một trong số ít những ngôi chùa còn lưu giữ được các giá trị về mỹ thuật kiến trúc, đặc biệt là kiến trúc gỗ và đá đầu thế kỷ XVIII thời Lê Trung Hưng.

Am và Văn bia Tuệ Minh am chùa Vồm khắc năm Vĩnh Thịnh thứ 13 (1717), đời vua Lê Dụ Tông.
(Ảnh: Vũ Ngọc Định)

SỰ TRUYỀN KẾ ĐĂNG, TRUYỀN THỪA CỦA THIỀN PHÁI LÂM TẾ CHỐN TỔ CHÙA VỒM (ĐẠI KHÁNH TỰ)

Trong giai đoạn từ thế kỷ XVI – XVII, vì nhiều nguyên nhân khác nhau, đặc biệt là cuộc nội chiến Lê – Mạc đã có những tác động tiêu cực kìm hãm sự phát triển của Phật giáo. Phật giáo Thanh Hóa trong giai đoạn này cũng nằm trong tình hình chung của Phật giáo cả nước. Trong hoàn cảnh ấy, năm 1630 ngài Chuyết Công [8] cùng đệ tử là Minh Hành [9] từ phương Nam ra Bắc, dừng chân ở chùa Trạch Lâm tỉnh Thanh Hóa [10] truyền bá chính pháp rồi ra phía Bắc, hình thành nên Thiền phái Lâm Tế Việt Nam. Từ ngôi chùa Trạch Lâm, dòng thiền Lâm Tế đã được truyền bá và được nhiều chùa trên địa bàn tỉnh Thanh Hóa tiếp nhận. Trải qua thời gian dài, không biết có phải do những yếu tố lịch sử – xã hội mà thiền phái Lâm Tế hầu như không được nhắc đến trên vùng đất Thanh Hóa. Xem các chứng tích Phật giáo hiện còn, chỉ thấy ở các văn bia chùa chùa Đại Khánh [11] còn ghi chép một cách sơ lược, ngắt quãng về sự tồn tại của Thiền phái Lâm Tế trên đất Thanh Hóa. Căn cứ vào các văn bia hiện còn ở chùa Đại Khánh và một số chùa khác trên địa bàn tỉnh Thanh Hóa như: Trùng tu Đại Khánh tự bi, Tuệ Minh am, Đại Tuệ viên thông tháp, Đức công thành đạo tháp, Phổ Minh tháp chí chùa Đại Khánh, Thái Bình tự bi ký chùa Thái Bình và Mật Đa thiền tự bi ký chùa Mật Đa, chúng tôi xin khái quát về sự tồn tại và truyền thừa của dòng Lâm Tế chính tông chùa Đại Khánh giai đoạn đầu thế kỷ XVIII – XIX.

1. Đời thứ nhất: Thiền sư Chân Dung và Thiền sư Chân Hỷ (Tuệ Minh tháp) trụ trì chùa Đại Khánh.

2. Đời thứ hai: Thiền sư Như Ngọ (Vô Niệm tháp) là đệ tử của Thiền sư Chân Hỷ, kế đăng trụ trì chùa Đại Khánh, sau chuyển trụ trì chùa Mật Đa (phường Nam Ngạn, thành phố Thanh Hóa) và chùa Thái Bình (xã Thiệu Hợp, huyện Thiệu Hóa).

3. Đời thứ ba: (Là các đệ tử của Thiền sư Như Ngọ) gồm các vị: Thiền sư Tính Không, Thiền sư Tính Chúng, Thiền sư Tính Hoành, Thiền sư Tính Hoàn, Thiền sư Tính Ân. Thiền sư Tính Không (Huyền Diệu tháp) kế đăng trụ trì chùa Đại Khánh sau kiêm nhiệm trụ trì chùa Thái Bình (xã Thiệu Hợp, huyện Thiệu Hóa). Thiền sư Tính Ân trụ trì chùa Vạn Linh (xã Quảng Văn, huyện Quảng Xương). 

4. Đời thứ tư: (Là đệ tử của Thiền sư Tính Không trụ trì chùa Đại Khánh, chùa Thái Bình) gồm các vị: Thiền sư Hải Oánh, Thiền sư Hải Sơn (chùa Thái Bình, Thiệu Hóa), Thiền sư Hải Khuê (chùa Thái Bình, Thiệu Hóa), Thiền sư Hải Ngạn (chùa Thái Bình, Thiệu Hóa), Thiền sư Hải Nhuận (chùa Thái Bình, Thiệu Hóa). Thiền sư Hải Oánh kế đăng trụ trì chùa Đại Khánh.

Là đệ tử của các Thiền sư dòng Tính khác (chưa khảo được cụ thể là đệ tử của ai), gồm: Thiền sư Hải Thiềm, Thiền sư Hải Khoan, Thiền sư Hải Kiểu, Thiền sư Hải Khánh, Thiền sư Hải Ngoạn, Thiền sư Hải Giai, Thiền sư Hải Vịnh, Thiền sư Hải Thoan, Thiền sư Hải Tuy, Thiền sư Hải Văn, Thiền sư Hải Viện, Thiền sư Hải Niệm, Thiền sư Hải Bồi, Thiền sư Hải Thực, Thiền sư Hải Du, Thiền sư Hải Hồng, Thiền sư Hải Tập, Thiền sư Hải Thụy, Thiền sư Hải Nhạ, Thiền sư Hải Thuận, Thiền sư Hải Ngân,…

5. Đời thứ năm: Thiền sư Phổ Đương Thông Tuệ (Phổ Minh tháp) Giám tự chùa Đại Khánh. Không biết Ngài thuộc dòng Thiền sư Minh Hành hay Thiền sư Minh Lương. Theo văn bia Phổ Minh tháp chí, Thiền sư quê ở xã Đào Xá, tổng Ngọc Cục, huyện Đường An, phủ Bình Giang, tỉnh Hải Dương. Trước ngài theo học Nho giáo, đã từng du học ở Tràng An (Trung Quốc). Đến năm 30 tuổi xuất gia đầu Phật trở thành đệ tử chân truyền của Đại giác Tôn sư Linh Quang Hòa thượng [12]. Sau khi thọ giới Tỳ Kheo hơn 10 hạ, đến năm Ất Tỵ (1845) Ngài được nhân dân xã Đại Khánh mời về giám tự chùa Đại Khánh. Sau khi Thiền sư viên tịch, để ghi nhớ công ơn của Ngài, nhân dân trong xã và đệ tử cùng nhau xây dựng tháp Phổ Minh làm nơi tôn thờ Xá Lợi của Ngài. Như vậy, ngài Phổ Đương Thông Tuệ không phải là đệ tử tục gia của chùa Đại Khánh mà là từ nơi khác được nhân dân địa phương mời về trụ trì.

Xem sự truyền thừa của dòng Lâm Tế thời Lê Trung Hưng ở chùa Đại Khánh, chúng tôi thấy có hai vấn đề cần làm sáng tỏ: Thứ nhất, Thiền sư Chân Hỷ và Chân Nguyên là đệ tử của ai? Thứ hai, các vị này thuộc sơn môn nào? Để làm rõ hai vấn đề này, chúng tôi căn cứ vào các tư liệu lịch sử và chứng tích Phật giáo còn lại xin được giải thích như sau: Theo bài Kệ truyền tông Lâm Tế do tổ Minh Hành – Tại Tại truyền lại [13], thì rất có thể ngài Chân Hỷ là đệ tử của ngài Minh Hành, ngài Chân Nguyên là đệ tử của ngài Minh Lương. Đệ tử của ngài Chân Hỷ có pháp tính là Như Ngọ và đệ tử của ngài Như Ngọ có pháp tính là Tính Không, đệ tử của ngài Tính Không có pháp tính là ngài Hải Oánh. Như vậy từ ngài Minh Hành đến ngài Hải Oánh trải qua năm đời liên tiếp đều đặt pháp tính theo Kệ truyền tông: Minh Chân Như Tính Hải. Các vị thiền sư chùa Đại Khánh, trải truyền thừa kế đăng được bốn đời liên tục từ Thiền sư Chân Hỷ, Thiền sư Như Ngọ, Thiền sư Tính Không, Thiền sư Hải Oánh và ngắt quãng hai đời (dòng Kim và dòng Tường) đến Thiền sư Phổ Đương Thông Tuệ là từ nơi khác chuyển về trụ trì. Với hơn 30 vị Sư Tăng, kế đăng liên tục được 4 đời (Chân Như Tính Hải) với thời gian khoảng hơn 100 năm, truyền bá chánh pháp của tông Lâm Tế ra được 3 ngôi chùa, tuy chưa thể coi là một trung tâm Phật giáo lớn, nhưng chùa Đại Khánh có thể được coi là chốn tùng lâm tông Lâm Tế của xứ Thanh giai đoạn thế kỷ XVIII và cũng là minh chứng rõ nét cho giai đoạn hưng thịnh của Phật giáo Thanh Hóa nói riêng và Phật giáo phía Bắc Việt Nam nói chung.

Chùa cổ Đại Khánh – Sông Chu – thắng cảnh Bàn A Sơn – chùa Thái Bình – nền văn hóa Núi Đọ – đình làng Thanh Dương đã tạo nên quần thể di tích cổ kính, thiêng liêng mà lại rất đỗi thơ mộng chan hòa. Gìn giữ và phát huy các giá trị mà quần thể di tích này đem lại, chính là gìn giữ và phát huy bản sắc văn hóa dân tộc và cũng là để chúng ta xây dựng được đời sống tinh thần phong phú.

 

 

Chú thích:

* Vũ Ngọc Định: ThS. khoa Khoa học Xã hội, Trường Đại học Hồng Đức.

[1] Đại Khánh tự là tên gọi của chùa thời Lê, Đại Hùng tự là tên gọi của chùa thời Nguyễn.

[2] Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn (Phạm Trọng Điềm dịch, 2006), Đại Nam nhất thống chí, tập 2, Nxb. Thuận Hóa. Huế. tr.342-343.

[3] Lê Quang Định, Hoàng Việt nhất thống dư địa chí, Nxb. Thuận Hóa và Trung tâm Văn hóa Ngôn ngữ Đông – Tây, 2005, tr.156.

[4] Ngô Đức Thọ, Nguyễn Văn Nguyên, Phan Văn Các (2003), Đồng Khánh địa dư chí. Nxb. Thế giới. tr. tr.1106.

[5] Chưa rõ về nhân vật này.

[6] Tiến sĩ Trần Bá Tân (1710 – ?), người làng An Hoạch, xã Đông Tân huyện Đông Sơn (nay là phường Đông Tân, thành phố Thanh Hóa), đỗ Tiến sĩ xuất thân khoa thi năm Bính Thìn (1763) đời vua Lê Ý Tông.

[7] Theo văn bia Phổ Minh tháp chí, sư họ Phạm tên là Nguyên Lưu người xã Đào Xá, tổng Ngọc Cục, huyện An Đường, phủ Bình Giang, tỉnh Hải Dương. Trước sư theo học Nho giáo, từng du học ở Tràng An (Trung Quốc), năm 30 tuổi xuất gia đầu Phật, là đệ tử chân truyền của Đại giác Tôn sư Linh Quang hòa thượng, sau khi đắc đạo được nhân nhân trong xã mời về giám tự … Tháp do Pháp tử Tuân là đệ tử của Phổ Đường Thông Tuệ thiền sư hưng công xây dựng.

[8] Thiền sư Chuyết Chuyết (1590-1644), họ Lý, sinh năm 1590, thuở nhỏ có tên là Tân Liên, tên khác là Viên Văn, hiệu là Chuyết Chuyết, người Tiệm Sơn, Hải Trừng, Thanh Chương, Mân Điền (Trung Quốc). Ngài là Tổ thứ nhất, hệ phái Lâm Tế Việt Nam.

[9] Thiền sư Minh Hành (1595-1659), pháp hiệu là Tại Tại, người phủ Kiến Xương, tỉnh Giang Tây (Trung Quốc). Ngài là đệ tử của Thiền sư Chuyết Công và là tổ thứ 2, hệ phái Lâm Tế Việt Nam.

[10] Chùa Trạch Lâm ở xã Trạch Lâm, huyện Tống Sơn, trấn Thanh Hoa. (Nay thuộc phường Quang Trung, thị xã. Bỉm Sơn, tỉnh Thanh Hóa). Chùa do bà Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Tú (con gái của Đoan Quốc công Nguyễn Hoàng) là Chánh phi của Thanh Đô vương Trịnh Tráng đứng ra xây dựng.

[11] Các tài liệu lịch sử thời Lê Trung Hưng thường ghi tên chùa là Đại Khánh, các tài liệu lịch sử thời Nguyễn trở về sau ghi tên chùa là Đại Hùng. Từ đây trở đi chúng tôi gọi là “chùa Đại Khánh”.

[12] Sư họ Trần, pháp danh là Thiện Chúng, pháp húy là Khoan Giai, quê ở Đông Anh, huyện Thượng Phúc (nay là Hà Nội). Là tổ thứ nhất chùa Linh Quang (Bà Đá) Hà Nội.

[13] Nguyên văn bài kệ: Minh Chân Như Tánh Hải – Kim Tường Phổ Chiếu Thông – Chí Đạo Thành Chính Quả – Giác Ngộ Chứng Chân Không.

 

Tài liệu tham khảo:

[1] Ngô Đức Thọ, Nguyễn Văn Nguyên, Phan Văn Các (2003), Đồng Khánh địa dư chí. Nxb. Thế giới.

[2] Lê Quang Định (2005), Hoàng Việt nhất thống dư địa chí, Nxb. Thuận Hóa và Trung tâm Văn hóa Ngôn ngữ Đông – Tây.

[3] Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn (Phạm Trọng Điềm dịch, 2006), Đại Nam nhất thống chí, tập 2, Nxb. Thuận Hóa. Huế.

[4] Nhiều tác giả (2010), Chùa Xứ Thanh tập II, Nxb. Thanh Hóa.

[5] Vũ Ngọc Định (2017), Hành trạng chư Tăng Ni Thanh Hóa, tập 1, Nxb. Thanh Hóa.

[6] Nhiều tác giả (2017), Tuyển tập văn bia Phật giáo Thanh Hóa, tập 1, Nxb. Thanh Hóa.

[7] Nguyễn Văn Hải – Nguyễn Kim Măng (chủ biên, 2020), Tuyển tập văn bia Thanh Hóa, tập 3 (Văn bia thời Lê Trung Hưng), Nxb. Thanh Hóa.

[8] Văn bia Mật Đa thiền tự bi ký, chùa Mật Đa, phường Nam Ngạn, TP. Thanh Hóa (Vũ Ngọc Định dịch).

[9] Văn bia Đại tuệ viên thông tháp, Đức công thành đạo tháp, Phổ minh tháp chí chùa Đại Khánh (Vồm), phường Thiệu Khánh, TP. Thanh Hóa  (Vũ Ngọc Định dịch).

5.375 thoughts on “Chùa Vồm và sự truyền thừa của Thiền phái Lâm Tế thời Lê Trung hưng ở Thanh Hóa (ThS. Vũ Ngọc Định)”

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